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Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. Blog. Above all these classes were the Mikado, the secluded divinity of Ki6to, still theo- retically the source of all authority; . traffic source, etc. The Satsuma Rebellion was the last civil war in Japan, occurring in the tenth year of the Meiji era (1877), when the Satsuma rebel forces centering on Saig Takamori of Kagoshima collided with the regular army of the new Meiji government not long after it had formed. Japan was divided into six military districts: Tokyo, Sendai, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima and Kumamoto, with two or three regiments of infantry, plus artillery and other auxiliary troops, assigned to each district. Today, he serves the thoroughly modern nation of Japan as a symbol of its samurai traditionstraditions that he reluctantly helped to destroy. Saig was defeated and killed at the . From humble beginnings in the capital of Satsuma, Saigo followed the path of the samurai through his brief exile and would go on to lead reform in the Meiji government, eventually dying for his causeleaving a lasting impact on the people and culture of 1800s Japan. Located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island, more than 800 miles south of Tokyo, the Satsuma domain had existed and governed itself for centuries with very little interference from the central government. RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The members of his retinue carried in cotton bags the swords they were no longer allowed to wear; and when, at the end of his journey, the gates of the yashiki at Kagoshima closed upon his palanquin, he may have realized that he had passed for ever out of the political life in which he had at one time played so conspicuous a role. But this war served as a touchstone to test the ability of the new regime and was an indispensable medium for perfecting the modern institutions and unified organization of the state. Saig initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. Some legends say Saig's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. Ever since his retirement from office, and his withdrawal to his native province in 1873, the elder Saigo had remained in Kagoshima, the chief town of Satsuma. The Satsuma Rebellion book. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. The Korean government even went as far as having a prefect publicly state that by adopting western-style customs and clothing, Japan had become a barbarian nation. He was settling happily into island life but reluctantly had to leave the island in February of 1862 when he was called back to Satsuma. The Meiji government, with an army numbering 300,000 to 350,000 and was able to cripple the Satsuma rebellion in a matter of months. Kyushu, Kysh region, Japan. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. [7] These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. A primary source of its causes and events. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. Format: Paperback. Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Tensions with the government mounted after members of the private-school faction raided an ammunitions depot in early 1877 (Meiji 10), and secret agents were dispatched by the government to Kagoshima to spy on them. Szczepanski, Kallie. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. Roughly one-half of the work is devoted to the entire course of the rebellion. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. Pro-emperor daimyo and radicals called for an end to the shogunate and the expulsion of all foreigners. Monumenta Nipponica. Format: Paperback. The decision in 1938 This opposition reached the boiling point in 1876 when the central government banned samurai from carrying swords and stopped paying them stipends. Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. In July, the Emperor's army encircled Saigo's men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. In peacetime, each company had approximately 160 privates and 32 officers and non-commissioned officers. Many of the warrior Samurai during the Seinan war (Satsuma rebellion) used the tosei (modern / post 1540) style samurai armor which consisted of a ni-mai . At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. The artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. This influential clan was headed by the Shimazu family, which had been founded by Shimazu Tadahisa, son of Minamoto Yoritomo, in the Kamakura period. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. 20-11-2011 19:18:05 ZULU. In April 1877, Saig reorganized the army into nine infantry units of 350 to 800 men each. Other imperial loyalists wrote to him for advice on politics, so despite his exile and officially dead status, he continued to have an impact in Kyoto. First I developed my thesis statement. In February 1877, the Meiji government dispatched Hayashi Tomoyuki, an official with the Home Ministry with Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi in the warship Takao to ascertain the situation. Upload media. The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. After that I provided some background information on the samurai and the armor that they wore. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. Satsuma Rebellion. [6] In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saig may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. Monumenta Nipponica He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. The traditional explanation of the offensive rifle cartridges causing the initial outbreak of mutiny is only part of the story. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. Corrections? Satsuma Rebellion The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. News article in Le Monde Illustr, 1877. date= January 29, 1877 to September 24, 1877 place= Kysh, Japan result=Imperial Victory combatant1= Empire of Japan combatant2=Satsuma domain Ravina, Mark J. Kumamoto castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saig was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's peasant conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent Shinpren rebellion. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. ISBN-13: . The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built on heimin conscripts had proven itself in battle. In the autumn of 1875 it was already in a flourishing condition, and in the course of the following year there were in Kagoshima alone some seven thousand pupils, or associates. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. Fighting continued into the night. By early 1873, Japanese militarists who interpreted this as a grave affront called for an invasion of Korea but in a July meeting that year, Saigo opposed sending warships to Korea. A primary source of its causes and events. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Instance of. As with its predecessors, the origins of 1877 lie in the 1873 debate over a proposed invasion of Korea. On its march to Kumamoto castle, the army was divided into three divisions; a vanguard of 4,000 men, the main division of 4,000 men, and a rearguard of 2,000 men. As the siege wore on, the rebels ran low on munitions, prompting them to switch back to their swords. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. ThoughtCo, Sep. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War ( Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Samurai scaled the walls repeatedly, only to be cut down by small arms fire. Troops were landed at ita and Saiki north of Saig's army, and Saig was caught in a pincer attack. Themes In Keeper N Me. . Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. 7. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. Saigo Takamori had led the way in Meiji reforms including the creation of a conscript army and the end of daimyo rule. With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venture out to face Saigo's army. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saig". The leaders of the restoration were mostly young samurai from feudal domains ( han s) historically hostile to Tokugawa authority, notably Chsh, in far western Honshu, and Satsuma, in southern Kyushu. The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. He went to the Emperor's court in Kyoto in March and was amazed to meet samurai from other domains who treated him with reverence for his defense of Gessho. Publication Date: 2006. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. [9], A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of Saig Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto".[10]. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. Just four days after his return, he had an audience with the daimyo, Hisamitsu, who shocked him by appointing him commander of the Satsuma army in Kyoto. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. The Satsuma Rebellion. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished. Initially he was furious about the junior samurais' actions. Many rules and regulations changed, from the number of soldiers to the type of weapons used.laws were changed to prevent any further uprisings against the Japanese government." 2. Saigo's own daimyo, Hisamitsu, was the only one who publicly railed against the decision, leaving Saigo tormented by the idea that he had betrayed his domain lord. Down to about 3,000 men, the Satsuma forces made a stand on Mount Enodake. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. At its head was Saig Takamori, a hero of the restoration who had directed the military campaign against the Tokugawa. Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. Saig also started an artillery school. Sophia University was established in Tokyo in 1913 by the Society of Jesus. Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai! Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. The Satsuma Rebellion proved that a conscript army of commoners could out-fight even a very determined band of samuraiprovided they had overwhelming numbers, at any rate. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. The Last Samurai chronicles the fortuitous rise and tragic fall of Saig. The conflict of opinions between the conservative internal policy party and the strong foreign policy party resulted in a vehement controversy over the question of an invasion of Korea, and finally led to the great Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Secretary of the British Legation in Tokyo during the rebellion, Mounsey relied on the 'most authentic sources, oral and documentary'. Most of Saig's remaining forces either surrendered or committed seppuku. [11], Modern weapons that were used by the Imperial Army include the Smith and Wesson Model 3, Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, Winchester Model 1873, Enfield Pattern 1853, Mauser Model 1871, as well as the Gatling and Armstrong guns. As was the tradition for samurai in the event of their lord's death, Saigo contemplated committing to accompany Shimazu into death, but the monk Gessho convinced him to live and continue his political work to honor Nariakira's memory instead. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Since the OP might be interested, here are the pages from the above reading on the Satsuma Rebellion and its aftermath. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570.

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