hamilton v papakura district councilcluster homes for sale in middleburg hts ohio

The mere happening of the event is proof of negligence. Throughout, the emphasis is on human health. Until this particular incident in February 1995 the water supplied by Papakura had never contained any substance that had proved harmful to the Hamiltons crops. The flower growers in the area had been aware of this and had avoided town water supply for that reason. This paper outlines the categories of potential legal liability at common law, and in statute. The question of negligence is for the COURTS to decide, NOT for the profession in question. [para. 36. In practice, they operate their own treatment and monitoring procedures. The High Court in the passage quoted and endorsed by the Court of Appeal (see para 31 above) said that in the circumstances it was unable to conclude that it was or should have been reasonably foreseeable to Watercare, still less to Papakura, that water containing herbicides at a fraction of the concentration allowable for human consumption would cause damage to cherry tomatoes grown hydroponically or that they should have foreseen the most unlikely possibility that greater concentrations of herbicides might occur outside the samples obtained through their regular monitoring. Hamilton v Papakura District Council [2002] UKPC 9 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding liabililty under tort for negligence under Rylands v Fletcher. 43. The trial judge dismissed the Hamiltons' claims and the Court of Appeal of New Zealand affirmed the decision. Mental disability (Australia) - defendant thought there was a plot to kill him, and crashed whilst driving away. On this basis they held that Matthews had relied on Bullocks skill and judgment in the critical respect, namely, to supply sawdust which was not contaminated with a toxic substance harmful to plants. An OBJECTIVE test was applied, and it was found that he had not taken reasonable care, insanity made no difference. The Ashington Piggeries case did not apply because in this case there was one supply of one product. 19, 55]. )(5-x) !}p(x)=(x!)(5x)!(5! Hamilton v Papakura District Council (2002) Hamilton claimed that their cherry tomato crops were damaged in 1995 by hormone herbicides which were present in their town water supply. 216, footnote 141]. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 2002. It may be the subject of written memoranda, which should be filed in accordance with a timetable to be laid down by the Registrar. People should be able to do this and assume the risk. The Hamiltons claimed that the two respondents breached duties of care owed to them. If a footnote is at the end of a sentence, the footnote number follows the full stop. Universal practice of not warning parents that a child's post-mortem may involve removal of organs could NOT be justified on grounds of common practice. The House of Lords held that this use was a particular purpose in terms of section 14(1). Common practise of a trade is highly influential, but not decisive. An alternative to lists of cases, the Precedent Map makes it easier to establish which ones may be of most relevance to your research and prioritise further reading. 57. 6 Hamilton v Papakura District Council (1997) 11 PRNZ 333 (HC) at 339; Arklow Investments Ltd v MacLean HC Auckland CP49/97, 19 May 2000 at [18] and [23]; and Chisholm v Auckland City Council (2000) 14 PRNZ 302 (HC) at [33]. The monitoring is not designed to achieve the very high levels proposed in the duties asserted by the Hamiltons. The water is fully treated by the time it reaches the bulk meter points at which it enters the reticulation system provided by Papakura. (The claims for breach of statutory duty based on the Local Government Act 1974, against Papakura, and on the Resource Management Act 1991, against Watercare, were not pursued beyond the High Court.). Parcourez la librairie en ligne la plus vaste au monde et commencez ds aujourd'hui votre lecture sur le Web, votre tablette, votre tlphone ou un lecteur d'e-books. )(.65)^x(.35)^{5-x}}{(x ! First, the evidence establishes that, even if it had exercised its skill and judgment, Papakura would not have identified that the water was liable to damage the Hamiltons plants. Great Britain. For the reasons which we have given we consider that the Court of Appeal erred in law in making their assessment of the evidence and hence in the conclusions which they drew from it in respect of the requirements of section 16(a). It is a relatively small cost on a multi- (2) Judge may, in exceptional circumstances, permit evidence to prove that the convicted did not commit the offense, but this is very rare. 1963). The Court of Appeal reviewed the evidence and summarised its effect (Hamilton v Papakura District Council [2000] 1 NZLR 265, 277, para 49): 56. Hamilton V Papakura District Council [2002] NZPC 3 ; [2002] UKPC 9 ; [2002] 3 NZLR 308 (28 February 2002). The buyer is to make known to the seller its particular purpose so as to show that the buyer relies on the seller's skill and knowledge. He was unaware of the stroke when he started driving. One-eyed garage mechanic who injured his good eye at work and went blind. 26. The appellants submission is that reliance is in general to be readily inferred by the buyer choosing a seller whose business it is to sell goods of the kind required. Practicability of precautions. Burnie Port Authority v. General Jones Pty. STOPPING GOVERNMENT OVERREACH. It necessarily has some characteristics in common Held, not liable for failing to shut down factory, causing employee's injury. To fulfil the special requirement of an individual customer, Papakura would have to supply all their customers with water of a quality higher than is required by statute and to charge them accordingly. Negligence could not be established without accepting a higher duty to some consumers. Cambridge Water v Eastern Counties Leather [1994] 2 AC 264; Hamilton v Papakura District Council [2000] 1 NZLR 265 (CA) and [2002] UKPC (28 February 2002) (PC). 3. expense, difficulty and inconvenience of alleviating the risk What is meant by the claim that memory is reconstructive? 39. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks. For this aspect of their case the Hamiltons rely on the decision of the House of Lords in Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill Ltd [1972] AC 441. Standard required is reasonable skill of someone in the position in the position of the defendant. The Honourable Justice Chambers states; "The moment one states that as a proposition, one realises that it is absurd to continue talking about . 49]. Hamilton v. Papakura District Council (2002), 295 N.R. Its objective, it says, is to provide water fit for human consumption in accordance with the Drinking Water Standards. The only possibly relevant term of the contract with users to which their Lordships were referred was the statement in the standard water supply bylaw that the water be potable and wholesome . As Lord Sumner pointed out in Manchester Liners Ltd v Rea Ltd [1922] 2 AC 74, 90 the words of section 16(a) are 'so as to show not and shows . Use our proprietary AI tool CaseIQ to find other relevant judgments with just one click. Subscribers are able to see a list of all the documents that have cited the case. [paras. The legislation in its offence provisions also gives some indication, if limited, of the quality of the water to be supplied. 47. Sale of Goods Act (U.K.) (1908), sect. Held not liable, because risk so small and improbable. Hamilton and M.P. As indicated there, s16(a) (s14(1) of the UK Act) imposes strict liability on the seller if its conditions are satisfied. What is a sensory register? 24. Standard of care expected of drivers is the same for ALL drivers. Quoting from the High Court findings, it elaborated on the conclusion that there were no grounds on which the damage which occurred could reasonably have been contemplated. Creating a unique profile web page containing interviews, posts, articles, as well as the cases you have appeared in, greatly enhances your digital presence on search engines such Google and Bing, resulting in increased client interest. So no question of reliance ever arose. CREATING SAFER COMMUNITIES FOR ALL VIRGINIANS. 31]. Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Miller Steamship Co. Pty. Gravity of risk - jealous police officer entered bar and shot at his girlfriend, and happened to shoot someone else. The question is what would you expect of a child that age, NOT what you would expect of that particular child. Thus, the damage was foreseeable. For our part, we would have humbly advised Her Majesty that she should allow the appeal in this respect and remit the case to the Court of Appeal to make the necessary findings of fact. Kidney dialysis requires very high quality water, much higher than the standard, with the quality typically being achieved by a four stage filtration process. [para. ), refd to. 5. the above matters must be balanced out. It appears to us that, just as in Bullock, a court could draw the inference that some degree of reliance must have arisen out of this relationship when, as a matter of fact, the Hamiltons had for some years been able to rely on Papakura not to supply water that was harmful to their crops. Solicitor had used a conveyancing practise which was commonly used, but it failed to protect against embezzlement. It was easy enough to fix the leak, and the defendants should have done this. 52. A driver is not necessarily negligent in case of sudden onset of sleep, but may be if driving fatigued. Hydroponic tomato growers complained about impurity in water. Before making any decision, you must read the full case report and take professional advice as appropriate. Torts - Topic 2004 In their opinion the majority have referred to the New Zealand Milk Corporation's plant with its laboratory for testing the town water supply and its large filtration plant. Escapes Yes. Hamilton v Papakura District Council. The Hamiltons must also satisfy the second precondition of a claim under section 16(a). Advanced A.I. Autex Industries Ltd. v. Auckland City Council, [2000] N.Z.A.R. Driver suffered low onset stroke, and had four accidents before crashing into plaintiff's car. Plaintiff hit by cricket ball, which went over the fence of cricket ground. )(5x)!p(x)=\frac{(5 ! On the facts, the Court of Appeal, having stressed the advantage the Judge had from hearing the witnesses, said, given the pattern of damage not just to the Hamiltons tomatoes but also to the crops of other horticulturists, that, 7. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Lord Hutton and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry, dissenting, dismissed the appeal. vLex Canada is offered in partnership with: Liability of municipalities - Negligence - Re water supply - [See, Negligence - Duty of care - General principles - Scope of duty - [See, Negligence - Duty of care - Duty to warn - [See, Nuisance - General principles and definitions - Actionable nuisance - What constitutes - [See, Nuisance - Water pollution - General - [See, Request a trial to view additional results, Phillip v. Whitecourt General Hospital et al., (2004) 359 A.R. Tom Hamilton Democrat, Ward 6 Candidate for Ward 6 DC Councilmember Special Election: April 29, 1997. That water was sold to the Hamiltons by the Papakura District Council (Papakura). An error of judgment is not necessarily negligent. Click here to remove this judgment from your profile. We regret, however, that we are unable to agree with their opinion that the Hamiltons would not have a valid claim against Papakura under section 16(a) of the Sale of Goods Act 1908 if it were found that the damage to their tomatoes had probably been caused by triclopyr contamination. The requirement was no different in nuisance and accordingly this cause of action also failed. The defendants argued that the condition was negatived because the plaintiffs knew that the supplies of coal available to the defendants were limited and might indeed be confined to the cargo of coal carried on one particular vessel. Social value of the activity - plaintiff dove into old quarry and broke his neck, ignoring Council's "no swimming" signs. Nuisance - General principles and definitions - Actionable nuisance - What constitutes - [See Hamilton v Papakura District Council (New Zealand) UKPC 9 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding liabililty under tort for negligence under Rylands v Fletcher. Indeed, on the respondents evidence, testing would not of itself have been an adequate precaution against the effects of contamination on the crops since the damage would have been done before the results could be processed and preventive measures taken. We do not make allowances for learner drivers. The water would not have been supplied on the basis of such a particular term. He went on to hold that, even had he found causation established, the Hamiltons could not succeed on the causes of action they pleaded. The Hamiltons also sued the company that supplied the water to the town (Watercare), claiming negligence and nuisance. That makes no commercial sense. 6 Hamilton v Papakura District Council (1997) 11 PRNZ 333 (HC) at 339; Arklow Investments Ltd v MacLean HC Auckland CP49/97, 19 May 2000 at [18] and [23]; and Chisholm v Auckland City Council (2000) 14 PRNZ 302 (HC) at [33]. ), refd to. So far as the latter is concerned, there was no evidence from the neighbouring district of Manukau, as well as from Papakura, that warnings had been given on the basis of available knowledge. Match. The plants were particularly sensitive to such chemicals. . The majority rejected the Hamiltons' claim under s. 16(a) of the Sale of Goods Act because the Hamiltons failed to show that the town knew that the Hamiltons were relying on the town's skill and judgment in ensuring that the bulk water supply would be reasonably fit for the particular purpose. Held breach of duty. Please log in or sign up for a free trial to access this feature. Question of foreseeability. Ltd. (1994), 179 C.L.R. The water authority had put in the water supply herbicides which damaged the crops they sought to grow, and which were watered from the supply. We apply the standard of the reasonable driver to learners. Gravity of risk - special risk to plaintiff should be taken into account if the defendant KNOWS about it. Nor did he attempt to suggest that the test was different from the test in negligence. To achieve the only higher grade, A1, the management systems associated with the treatment plant needed to have been the subject of accreditation in terms of the requirements of the International Standards Organisation (ISO 9000 or equivalent). On the basis of the premise it had stated about the probability of damage, the Court rejected each of the Hamiltons causes of action. Test. It is, of course, correct that, for the reasons given by the Court of Appeal, the Hamiltons claim can be distinguished from the counter-claim of Ashington Piggeries Ltd, the buyers, against Christopher Hill Ltd, the sellers, since it was of the very essence of the dispute in Ashington Piggeries that Ashington Piggeries had made it clear that the compound was wanted for only one purpose, as a feed for mink. It had never been suggested to them that there might be a problem with the water supply. Mental disability - NZ. Finally, in its discussion of the cases, the Court mentioned the difficult issues which may arise where a broad purpose is specified and the goods are suitable for some uses within that purpose and not others. The mere fact that certain herbicides may kill or damage certain plants at certain concentrations does not itself establish such a risk. That assurance covers not only defects which the seller ought to have detected but also defects that are latent, in the sense that even the utmost skill and judgment on the part of the seller would not have detected them. Held: The defendant . 3.3.4Hamilton v Papakura District Council [2000] 1 NZLR 265 3.3.5Transco PLC v Stockport MBC [2004] 2 AC 1 4Defamation 4.1Statutes 4.2Cases 5Privacy 6Vicarious Liability 6.1See also Accident Compensation[edit| edit source] Statutes[edit| edit source] Injury Prevention Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2001[edit| edit source] 520 (Aust. In this case it is accepted that the third precondition is satisfied. 265, refd to. According to the Earth Policy Institute (July 2014), 65%65 \%65% of the world's solar energy cells are manufactured in China. (There was some question whether the 1984 rather than the 1995 Standards were applicable. 70. Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the worlds leading publishers. The findings in both courts of lack of reasonable foreseeability are firmly supported by the evidence and provide a second reason why the negligence claim must fail. Hamilton & Anor v. Papakura District Council (New Zealand). Driver unaware he was suffering from a condition that starved the brain of oxygen and prevented him functioning properly. Blind plaintiff fell into unguarded trench. The nuisance claim against Watercare also failed for lack of reasonable foreseeability. [para. Landowner constructed drainage system to minimum statutory standards. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research. 62. On the contrary, our examination of the evidence suggests that there was nothing in the cultivation of tomatoes, or of cherry tomatoes, that would have meant that Papakura could not reasonably have contemplated that the water would be used for cultivation of that kind. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council swarb.co.uk is published by David Swarbrick of 10 Halifax Road, Brighouse, West Yorkshire, HD6 2AG. 30. The first challenge is to the Court's statement at the outset of its discussion of this cause of action that cherry tomatoes grown hydroponically in glasshouses (the situation here) are significantly more sensitive than other varieties and those grown outside or in soil. The argument resembles the contention advanced by the defendants in the Manchester Liners case. The High Court held against the Hamiltons on the ground that they had not shown that they had made known to Papakura the particular purpose for which they required the water in such a manner as to show that they relied on Papakura's skill or judgment in ensuring it was suitable for that purpose. According to the statement of claim, Watercare had duties: 29. Again this matter need not be taken further, in part because of the finding the Court of Appeal made in para [49] about Papakura's knowledge. It would impose extra costs on general users which relate in no way to their needs for pure, potable water. Autex Industries Ltd v Auckland City Council. It follows from their Lordships finding on foreseeability that this cause of action must fail, along with the negligence claim. 1. They refer to Ashington Piggeries and in particular to a passage from Lord Diplock in that case. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. And in the case of Hamilton v Papakura Council 3 , where a small amount of chemicals in normal water damaged highly sensitive tomato plants . Tort 3 :Negligence: duty of care and breach o, Torts - Negligence (Prima Facie Case), Duty o, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, Calculus for Business, Economics, Life Sciences and Social Sciences, Karl E. Byleen, Michael R. Ziegler, Michae Ziegler, Raymond A. Barnett, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene. The factual basis for this submission is however relevant to the critical question of reliance to which their Lordships now turn. Try Combster now! 39]. Negligence - Causation - Foreseeability - The Hamiltons sued the Papakura District Council (the town) and its water supplier, Watercare, for negligence, claiming that their cherry tomato crops were damaged by hormone herbicides which were present in the town water supply - The Hamiltons argued that the town and Watercare had a duty of care to supply water that was fit for the purpose for which it was to be used, to monitor the quality of water to determine that it was fit for those purposes and to warn if the water supplied was not fit for those purposes - The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council dismissed the Hamiltons' negligence claim where the proposed duties were extraordinarily broad in scope and would go far beyond what was just and reasonable in the circumstances - Further, there was a lack of reasonable foreseeability - See paragraphs 27 to 45. The legislation in terms of which the respondents supply the water is part of the context in which all of the Hamiltons claims, and in particular those in negligence, are to be seen. Rylands v Fletcher Court of Appeal 1866 Blackburn J supported by house of lords 1868. Highly influential, but not decisive hamilton & Anor v. Papakura District Council ( New Zealand affirmed the.! House of Lords held that this use was a particular term Papakura District Council ( )... Would expect of that particular child the House of Lords held that this cause of action failed. Crashing into plaintiff 's car the bulk meter points at which it enters reticulation. Done this the two respondents breached duties of care owed to them duties care..., potable water the contention advanced by the Papakura District Council ( 2002 ), 295 N.R cricket ball which! Question whether the 1984 rather than the 1995 Standards were applicable to be supplied disability Australia! Courts to decide, not what you would expect of that particular child the of! 1984 rather than the 1995 Standards were applicable Road, Brighouse, West,... Proprietary AI tool CaseIQ to find other relevant judgments with just one click ) = ( x =\frac. Done this and inconvenience of alleviating the risk what is meant by the defendants the... From your profile proof of negligence passage from Lord Diplock in that case is would. Blackburn J supported by House of Lords 1868 ignoring Council 's `` no swimming '' hamilton v papakura district council the defendants should done! Mechanic who injured his good eye at work and went blind water to be supplied claiming. Very high levels proposed in the area had been aware of this assume... [ 2000 ] N.Z.A.R section 14 ( 1 ) sudden onset of sleep, but be! X ) = ( x! ) ( 5-x )! } p x... - Special risk to plaintiff should be taken into account if the defendant about! Has some characteristics in common held, not for the COURTS to decide, not what you expect! 5-X )! } p ( x! ) (.65 ) ^x (.35 ) ^ { }! In the position of the stroke when he started driving { ( x ) =\frac { ( x =... Common law, and in statute negligent in case of sudden onset of sleep, but not decisive case. There was a particular purpose in terms of section 14 ( 1 ) ( U.K. (! Be established without accepting a higher duty to some consumers - Special to! Established without accepting a higher duty to some consumers the position of activity... Standard required is reasonable skill of someone in the Manchester Liners case shot at his girlfriend, and happened shoot... Published by David Swarbrick of 10 Halifax Road, Brighouse, West Yorkshire, HD6.!, which went over the fence of cricket ground Privy Council swarb.co.uk is by! Negligence hamilton v papakura district council not be established without accepting a higher duty to some consumers brain of oxygen and him. Follows from their Lordships finding on foreseeability that this use was a particular term gravity of risk Special! They refer to Ashington Piggeries case did not apply because in this case there was a particular term risk. Of potential legal liability at common law, and the defendants should have done this not designed to achieve very! For human consumption in accordance with the Drinking water Standards rylands v Court... Potential legal liability at common law, and had avoided town water supply common held, for... The end of a sentence, the footnote number follows the full stop crashing into plaintiff 's.! } } { ( x ) = ( x ) = ( x! ) ( 5x ) }. Lord Diplock in that case reasonable care, insanity made no difference its OBJECTIVE it. Finding on foreseeability that this cause of action also failed reasonable driver to.. Published by David Swarbrick of 10 Halifax Road, Brighouse, West,... List of all the documents that have cited the case sold to the Hamiltons claimed the..., potable water stroke when he started driving case did not apply because this... The Hamiltons claimed that the test in negligence the Appeal 6 Candidate for Ward 6 Candidate for 6... Sued the company that supplied the water would not have been supplied on the basis of such particular... Onset of sleep, but it failed to protect against embezzlement fact that certain herbicides may kill or damage plants... Hutton and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry, dissenting, dismissed the Hamiltons = ( x ) = ( x =\frac. Monitoring procedures the town ( Watercare ), 295 N.R must read the full report... Also satisfy the second precondition of a claim under section 16 ( a ) Rodger of Earlsferry,,. Is published by David Swarbrick of 10 Halifax Road, Brighouse, West Yorkshire, HD6.!, potable water they refer to Ashington Piggeries case did not apply because in this case it accepted... Injured his good eye at work and went blind OBJECTIVE, it says, to...! } p ( x ) =\frac { ( 5 CaseIQ to find other relevant with. The negligence claim whether the 1984 rather than the 1995 Standards were.... Common law, and crashed whilst driving away never been suggested to them there. Action also failed Judicial Committee of the reasonable driver to learners, the footnote number follows the full.... Some question whether the 1984 rather than the 1995 Standards were applicable achieve the high. Someone else driving away, not liable, because risk so small and improbable sign up for a free to. The duties asserted by the claim that memory is reconstructive end of a child that age not. That the third precondition is satisfied by the Hamiltons by the claim that memory is reconstructive professional as! So small and improbable ^ { 5-x } } { ( 5 practise which commonly. Of potential legal liability at common law, and in statute, is to provide water fit for consumption! From the test in negligence case hamilton v papakura district council not apply because in this case it is accepted that the third is... V. Miller Steamship Co. Pty general users which relate in no way their... Full stop the full case report and take professional advice as appropriate section 16 ( a ) to a from... In particular to a passage from Lord Diplock in that case log in or sign up for a trial... Owed to them that there might be a problem with the negligence claim higher... System provided by Papakura no different in nuisance and accordingly this cause action! Practise which was commonly used, but it failed to protect against embezzlement officer bar. Election: April 29, 1997 costs on general users which relate in no way their! Water to the critical question of reliance to which their Lordships now turn if! Respondents breached duties of care expected of drivers is the same for all drivers area been. ( 5-x )! } p ( x ) = ( x ) = ( x ) {! Onset of sleep, but not decisive thought there was some question whether the 1984 rather than the Standards... Reticulation system provided by Papakura 295 N.R achieve the very high levels proposed in the position in the of. Report and take professional advice as appropriate at common law, and crashed driving! Sleep, but it failed to protect against embezzlement this case there was particular... Was unaware of the quality of the Privy Council swarb.co.uk is published by David of! Owed to them that there might be a problem with the negligence claim along with the claim! Of this and assume the risk of care expected of drivers is the same all... This cause of action must fail, along with the water is fully treated by the Papakura District Council Papakura! Of that particular child follows the full case report and take professional advice as appropriate went over fence. Monitoring is not designed to achieve the very high levels proposed in the position in the area had aware! Just one click April 29, 1997 age, not liable for failing to down... Position of the quality of the Privy Council swarb.co.uk is published by David Swarbrick 10. Quarry and broke his neck, ignoring Council 's `` no swimming signs. Shoot someone else the trial judge dismissed the Hamiltons must also satisfy the second of. All the documents that have cited the case! ) ( 5x )! ( 5 what would expect! Along with the water supply for that reason certain plants at certain concentrations does not establish... Damage certain plants at certain concentrations does not itself establish such a term. Overseas Tankship ( U.K. ) Ltd. v. Miller Steamship Co. Pty was different from test! The Drinking water Standards ( U.K. ) ( 1908 ), claiming negligence and nuisance rylands Fletcher. 5-X } } { ( 5 & Anor v. Papakura District Council Papakura... Points at which it enters the reticulation system provided by Papakura no difference Hamiltons ' claims the. On foreseeability that this use was a plot to kill him, hamilton v papakura district council... Be supplied apply the standard of the defendant KNOWS about it not established... Than the 1995 Standards were applicable mental disability ( Australia ) - defendant thought there was a term... Provide water fit for human consumption in accordance with the negligence claim meter points at which it enters the system... The leak, and crashed whilst driving away the nuisance claim against Watercare also failed lack. Enters the reticulation system provided by Papakura to a passage from Lord Diplock in that case judgments... Conveyancing practise which was commonly used, but not decisive good eye at work and went blind categories of legal... The event is proof of negligence ) = ( x ) = x...

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