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[19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. To ensure that all involved in captured records activities had an appreciation for records and information, the Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) (Southwest Pacific Area [SWPA]) published, at the specific direction of the War Department, Publication No. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. According to Morison, the Japanese "never again risked a transport larger than a small coaster or barge in waters shadowed by American planes. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. Over the course of an hour, this feature, dubbed Pancake Hill, was captured with only minimal opposition. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. Other organizations were established throughout the Pacific Theater to translate and exploit the records. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. region: "", Taking the airfield at Wau was a crucial step in this process, and to this end, the 51st Division was transferred from Indochina and placed under General Hitoshi Imamura's Eighth Area Army at Rabaul; one regiment arrived at Lae in early January 1943. This document was used as a measuring standard for Japanese military activities on Luzon. Before June, between 20 and 25 P-39s had been lost in air combat, while three more had been destroyed on the ground and eight had been destroyed in landings by accident. Pre-landing reconnaissance efforts were hampered by the destruction of the Australian scouting party that was landed in the area by submarine in late March, and the reality of the terrain was only discovered through aerial intelligence that arrived too late. Japans strategy in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, The Allied offensive in the Pacific, 1944, Casualties and the material cost of the Pacific War. Joseph J. Rochefort (of the Battle of Midway code-breaking fame). [21], Although RAAF PBY Catalinas and Lockheed Hudsons were based at Port Moresby, because of the Japanese air attacks, long-range bombers like B-17s, B-25s, and B-26s could not be safely based there and were instead staged through from bases in Australia. Although one line of attack was carried out primarily by ground forces and the other by naval forces, the main feature of both undertakings was the close coordination of land, sea, and air power. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. After July 1944, however, documents, including published translations, were prepared under the imprint of CINCPAC-CINCPOA, and the title JICPOA was used only for administrative purposes. 25 with Anti-Japanese activities in Java; and No. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. For this, he ordered the air arm of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's Third Fleet carriers to reinforce the Eleventh Air Fleet at Rabaul. By 22 August, about 8,500 Australians and 1,300 Americans were on site. [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. Wrecked Japanese planes litter Hollandia field, largely the victims of USAAF attacks earlier in the month (80-G-325109). When the Japanese invaded New Guinea in early 1942, they began a struggle for control of the island which would last until the end of the Second World War. The headland was formed by the Cyclops Mountains, a mountain ridge rising steeply to 7,000 feet (2,100m) and was backed by Lake Sentani, extending 15 miles (24km) east to west. To help ensure soldiers turned in any souvenirs of intelligence interest, the CIC established a souvenir grab bag. This contained items of no intelligence value, such as Japanese postcards, stationery, pictures, and clothing, and any soldier who handed over a souvenir needed for intelligence analysis was allowed to take an item from the grab bag in exchange. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and heavy losses for the Empire of Japan. Adachi's decision may have been motivated by a belief that Hansa Bay would be the target of the next Allied amphibious landing and that he could reinforce Hollandia at a later date. However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. This airfield was of great value to the Australians during the fighting for northeast Papua. The convoy split around 80 miles (130km) offshore, with the Eastern Attack Group, consisting of troops assigned to Operation Persecution turning away for Aitape. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. 102103, The Japanese drive to conquer all of New Guinea had been decisively stopped. "Within a few days, the enemy was retreating from the Wau Valley, where he had suffered a serious defeat, harassed all the way back to Mubo"[37] About one week later, the Japanese completed their evacuation of Guadalcanal. 141, for example, contained random poems of a Prisoner of War. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). As this would lead to gap in air cover between the departure of the carriers and airfields at Hollandia becoming operational, it was decided to make another landing at Aitape which had an airfield that it was believed could be rapidly brought into service; this was later designated Operation Persecution. This bombardment was augmented with air strikes from carrier-borne aircraft, while two destroyer-minesweepers, Long and Hogan, swept the bay ahead of the main landing force. Forward positions would first be established at Milne Bay, located in the forked eastern end of the Papuan peninsula, and at Buna, a village on the northeast coast of Papua about halfway between Huon Gulf and Milne Bay. Similar JICPOA teams participated in succeeding amphibious assaults to examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value. [4], In early 1944, after the Huon Peninsula had been secured, the Allied South West Pacific Command determined that the area should be seized and developed into a staging post for their advance along the north coast of New Guinea into the Dutch East Indies and to the Philippines. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. On 17 September, the Japanese had reached the village of Ioribaiwa, just 30 kilometres (20mi) from the Allied airdrome at Port Moresby. Edwards also spoke with Graves Registration units about the importance of acquiring from the bodies of enemy soldiers everything with Japanese writing. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. Miscellaneous identifications taken from documents captured in early November in the Pinamopoan Area, Leyte, gave the first indication of the Japanese 1st Divisions presence in this area. The Kokoda Trail [was] suitable for splay-toed Papuan aborigines but a torture to modern soldiers carrying heavy equipment", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 34, Buna was easily taken as the Allies had no military presence there (MacArthur wisely chose not to attempt an occupation by paratroopers since any such force would have been easily wiped out by the Japanese). [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. West Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly known as Dutch New Guinea. When Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, was captured in late April one of the first places CIC agents seized was the post office. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. The Japanese 18th Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American corps), under Lieutenant General Hataz Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. The Pacific Strategy, 1941-1944. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. These particular records were shipped to JICPOA in Hawaii and most of those identified as having no military value were then shipped to the Pacific Military Intelligence Service Research Center at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, for translation. Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. The timely publication of 18 of these reports afforded a wealth of information preparatory to the invasion. After four days under these conditions the two units had reached the western airfield and on 26 April it was secured. Landings were made at two points in the Hollandia area on April 22, 1944, with the U.S. 24th Infantry Division moving ashore at Tanahmerah Bay and the 41st Infantry Division pushing inland at Humboldt Bay, 25 miles (40 km) to the east. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. Red 1 was found to be better, allowing LVTs and LCMs to come ashore with their infantry charges, but the approaches had to be cleared by engineers to allow the passage of the larger LCMs and even after this had been completed. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. The heavy cruiser Nachi, which was sunk in Manila Bay in November 1944, provided a massive quantity of annotated charts of minefields and defenses, diaries, logs, blueprints, fleet operation plans and orders dating back to before the Pearl Harbor attack, and numerous books on Japanese naval tactics and doctrine. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the "Axis."Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China, the United States . His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. It was canceled in favour of a daring jump to Hollandia (now Jayapura) in Netherlands New Guinea, bypassing the Japanese strongholds at Wewak and Hansa Bay. [7][8] Over the next year, the Japanese built up the area into a major air and naval base. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. 37, No. [46], On landing, the U.S. troops came under sporadic small arms and machine gun fire, but this was quickly suppressed. [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. This was usually done in the form of listings (usually termed bulletins) that provided a brief description of the records and various types of publications containing full or partial translations of specific documents and publications containing full or partial translations of documents relating to a general or specific topic. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. I am estimating that a cubic foot of records is 2,500 pages. Exact tracings and translations were supplied to XXIV Corps prior to attack on these positions. The landings were undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. By 26 April, U.S. troops secured the two eastern airfields, and later that day linked up with forces advancing from the 24th Division advancing from Tanahmerah Bay. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. 16 dealt with interrogation of captured American B-24 air crews; No. During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. To the invaders from Japan, and the occupiers from Australia and the United States, however, New Guineans appeared as colonial subjects at best, and as slaves at worst. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. [13] Eventually it would grow to over 2,500 personnel, some of who served with Advanced Echelons and combat units. The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). The story of the capture and return of the Z documents is detailed in Appendix II. [21][22] Of the total force, 22,500 combat troops were assigned to the landing at Aitape; while the rest (nearly 30,000) were allocated to the Hollandia landings. The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for My dad's whole collection of old stamps UNTEA Dutch Nw Guinea [ay08] at the best online prices at eBay! Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. The War Department Intelligence Service established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach individuals to be Japanese-language interpreters and translators. 1, List of Japanese Military Conventional Signs and Abbreviations (March 4, 1943); No. With the occupation of Morotai, the long drive up the New Guinea coast was strategically completed. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. [61] U.S. forces undertook mopping up operations in the area until 6 June. 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. [5], Allied intelligence successes led to the decision to land at Hollandia. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. It showed the units to which they belonged. This attack, which was designated Operation Cockpit, aimed to prevent the Japanese from transferring air units stationed near Singapore to New Guinea. [7] The volume would have been more but members of the 414th CIC unit learned that Chinese soldiers through ignorance destroyed many documents. [11] Adachi continued to plan to make a last stand at Hollandia if he was defeated at Hansa Bay. Earlier, during the Leyte campaign, important documents and diaries were captured by CIC detachments indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. Current Translation No. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. This involved air attacks and naval bombardments on the Wewak area, and faked landings of reconnaissance patrols. 117, Infringement of the Laws of War and Ethics by the Japanese Medical Corps, contains information on violations of the Geneva Convention on the rules of warfare and points out how, time and again, medical personnel put to death their own patients. Round one had gone to the Americans and Australians who had ejected the. The Z Plan [issued as Admiral Kogas Combined Fleet Secret Operations Order No. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. The air defences consisted of P-39 and P-40 fighters. One of the difficulties encountered by the ATIS in translating Japanese documents was the condition in which they were often received. The remote but crucial airfield lay 25 miles south/southeast of the port town of Salamaua. 5 captured many military documents. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. On April 29, 1944, ATIS Research Report No. None of the senior officers present had been in post more than a few weeks and the senior air officer had been relieved following the destruction of his air forces at the beginning of April. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. This procedure called for all documents to be briefly examined, and those of operational value segregated from those having probable or general value and those having no apparent military value, and provisions were made for the translation on a priority bases of those sections of documents containing information of operational value. The attack force comprised 84,000 personnel, including 52,000 combat troops, 23,000 support personnel, and a naval task force of 200 vessels of 7th Fleets Task Force 77 under Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. [48][49], Meanwhile, at Humboldt Bay Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler's Central Attack Group carrying the U.S. 41st Division also achieved complete surprise, coming ashore at two beaches: White 1, about 2.5 miles (4.0km) south of Hollandia, and White 2 on a narrow sandspit near Cape Tjeweri at the entrance to Jautefa Bay, and about 4 miles (6.4km) from Lake Sentani. [17] These troops were positioned along the Depapre Lake Sentani trail. Coming from battle fields, crashed aircraft, graves, sunken ships and foxholes, many of them torn, defaced, water-soaked, soiled and charred, making them difficult or impossible to read. [18], "[T]he Owen Stanley Range is a jagged, precipitous obstacle covered with tropical rainforest up to the pass at 6500-foot elevation, and with moss like a thick wet sponge up to the highest peaks, 13,000 feet above the sea. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. Fortunately, one American officer wrote in 1944, the enemy as a nation is addicted to keeping diaries, and converting everything into writing.. It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. Furthermore, the Milne Bay affair demonstrated once again that an amphibious assault without air protection, and with an assault force inferior to that of the defenders, could not succeed. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. The plan called for the establishment of a two-battalion front, with troops landed in seven waves at two beaches: Red 1 around the Depapre Inlet and Red 2 on the eastern side of the bay. Base ATIS received a document in March 1945 giving a complete record of the Japanese monitoring of Allied radio communications in the Philippine Islands during the period from October 1942 to December 1943. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. 73] provided the plans for the Japanese Navys operations in the Marianas and the Philippines. However, using 27 tons, at 40 lbs. If the transports succeeded in staying behind a weather front and were protected the whole way by fighters from the various airfields surrounding the Bismarck Sea, they might make it to Lae with an acceptable level of loss, i.e., at worst half the task force would be sunk en route. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. This information was immediately translated, relayed to naval and air units, and, coordinated with the translation of a captured map showing enemy positions, resulted in the repulse of the enemy attack by naval and aerial bombardment. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. [14] Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. Rabaul became the forward base for the Japanese campaigns in mainland New Guinea, including the pivotal Kokoda Track campaign of July 1942 - January 1943, and the Battle of Buna-Gona. During the landing, the first JICPOA team accompanied the invasion forces. Late in June, an officers notebook captured at Mokmer, Dutch New Guinea on June 11th, contained a sketch showing strength and company dispositions surrounding the airfield. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. ATIS received and translated in April 1944 the diary of prisoner of war Hiroshi Horikoshi, a civilian employee (interpreter) with the Japanese 14th Army, who was captured at the same time. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. Subsequently, Supplements No. Horikoshi, upon arrival at ATIS, at first denied all knowledge of any atrocities but on being confronted with his diary, admitted that such things had occurred. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. A Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the way to Kwajalen Atoll in the Marianas. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian -administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. Defences consisted of P-39 and P-40 fighters grueling Kokoda Track campaign, important documents and cipher codes year the! 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